Name 	   Class 	    Date 	

The Process of Cell Division & Growth
Two-Column Chart A two-column chart is a way to take notes about what you read using words and pictures.
Look at the two-column chart below. The topic is at the top of the chart. In the left column, stages of the cell cycle are listed. In the right column, you will write a description and draw a picture of each stage.

As you read about the cell cycle in your textbook, complete the chart. Use the completed chart as a study aid.

The Cell Cycle	
Stage	Description of Stage	
Interphase
G1	
In G1, the cell grows and produces new proteins and organelles.	
S		
G2		
M Phase: Cell Division Mitosis		
Cytokinesis		

The Cell Cycle
The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle Cell growth and division occur in a regular cycle. This cycle is divided into four phases: G1, S, G2, and M.
Follow the directions.
1. Color the phase in which most cell growth occurs blue.
2. Color the phase in which DNA replication occurs red.
3. Color the phase in which preparation for mitosis occurs yellow.
4. Color the phase in which mitosis and cytokinesis occur orange.

Answer the questions.

5. Which three phases make up interphase?	
6. The division of the cell nucleus during the M phase of the cell cycle is called 	.
7. Match the process with the correct phase.
	  S	A. Cells do most of their growing.
	  G2	B. Chromosomes are replicated, and the synthesis of DNA molecules takes place.
	  G1	C. Many of the organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced.

Mitosis

Mitosis is the process by which the nucleus of most eukaryotic cells divides. Mitosis has four phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Follow the directions.
1. Label the four phases of mitosis in the diagram.
2. Label the spindles and centrioles in one of the phases.
3. Color each chromosome in prophase a different color. Follow each of these chromosomes through mitosis. Show this by coloring the correct structures in each phase of mitosis.

Cytokinesis

Interphase

Chromosome

Chromatin

	

	

	

	

	

	

Answer the questions.
4. In which phase do the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell? 	
5. In which phase do the chromosomes become visible? 	
6. In which phase do the chromosomes move until they form two groups near the poles of the spindles? 	

Compare/Contrast Table Use a compare/contrast table when you want to see the similarities and differences between two or more objects or processes. Complete the table by filling in information for each kind of cell.

	Totipotent cells	Pluripotent cells	Multipotent cells	
Ability to differentiate		All cells except tissues around embryo		

Stem Cells and Development
Unlike most cells during development, certain cells will maintain the ability to become different cells. Stem cells have the ability to differentiate into other types of cells.

Write the term from the word box that describes each part of the diagram.

Blastocyst	White blood cell
Fat cell	Smooth muscle cell
Inner cell mass	Nerve cell

Answer the questions.
1. Is the following sentence true or false? Totipotent cells can differentiate into any type of cell. 	
2. Adult stem cells in the brain can produce
A. nerve cells.			B. muscle cells.
C. skin cells.			D. egg cells.

3. A blastocyst develops from a(n) 	.

Chapter Review
Use the clues and words to help you write the vocabulary terms from the chapter in the blanks.

cancer	mitosis	interphase	cytokinesis

1. Division of the cell nucleus	___	_______
2. Division of the cytoplasm of a cell	___	_______
3. Condition in which cells grow uncontrollably	___	_______
Complete the linear concept maps using the terms below. All the terms will not be used.

cancer	cell cycle	cytokinesis

During the

a

cell grows, prepares for division, and divides.

4.

causes

cells

to divide

uncontrollably.

5.

Answer the questions.
6. “As organisms develop, their cells differentiate into specialized cells.” In this sentence, differentiate means
A. to see a difference.	C. to develop for specific jobs.
B. to divide more quickly.	D. to become less specific.

Use the diagrams below to answer questions 7 and 8.
7. What is the name for the process shown here? ___	
8. Write the name of each phase on the line below the diagram.

A. 	 B. 	C. 	D. 	

Cancer: Uncontrolled Cell Growth
8. What is cancer?

9. What are the two basic types of tumors? Explain how they are different.

	

10. Why can cancer be life threatening?

	

11. What is the cause of cancer?
	
12. How do radiation and chemotherapy affect cancer cells?

13. Fill out the flowchart by completing each statement with the correct word or words.

Cancer cells do not respond to signals that regulate cell 	.

Cancer cells form a mass of cells called a 	.

Cancer cells may break loose and 	 throughout the body.

Cancer cells form tumors in other tissues by 	.

From One Cell to Many
For Questions 1–4, complete each statement by writing the correct word or words.
1. Humans, pets, and petunias all pass through an early stage of development called a(n) 	.
2. Cells become 	 through the process of differentiation.

3. Scientists have mapped the outcome of every 	 that leads to differentiation in the development of the microscopic worm C. elegans.
4. Most cells in the adult body are no longer capable of 	.

Stem Cells and Development
For Questions 5–7, write the letter of the correct answer on the line at the left.
	   5.  Which is an example of a totipotent cell?
	A. blastocyst
	B. bone cell
	C. fertilized egg
	D. lymphocyte
	   6.  Cells that are pluripotent are unable to develop into the tissue that
	A. forms the skin.
	B. lines the digestive tract.
	C. produces blood cells.
	D. surrounds an embryo.

	   7.  Adult stem cells are best described as
	A. multipotent.
	B. pluripotent.
	C. totipotent.
	D. unable to differentiate.
8. Complete the concept map by identifying some of the types of cells that embryonic stem cells 	give rise to. Then explain how stem cells are like the stem of a plant.

		

Embryonic Stem Cells

can become

The Cell Cycle
6. What is the name of the type of cell division that occurs in the prokaryotic cell cycle?
	
7. What happens during interphase?

9. In eukaryotic cells, what happens in the G1 phase that differs from the G2 phase?
	
10. In eukaryotic cells, what are the two main stages of cell division?

Mitosis
11. During prophase, when cell chromosomes become visible, what are the duplicated strands of DNA called? What is the name for the area in which these duplicated strands are joined?

12. What structures are spindle fibers attached to that help pull the paired chromosomes apart?

For Questions 13–16, match the description of the event with the phase of mitosis in which it occurs. Each phase may be used more than once.

Event

	    13. The chromosomes separate and begin to move to opposite sides of the cell.
	    14. The chromosomes become visible. The centrioles take up positions on opposite sides of the nucleus.
	    15. A nuclear envelope re-forms around each cluster of chromosomes. The nucleolus becomes visible in each daughter nucleus.
	    16. The chromosomes line up across the center of the cell.

Phase of Mitosis

A.	Telophase
B.	Prophase
C.	Metaphase
D.	Anaphase

Cytokinesis
18. What is cytokinesis?

	

For Questions 2–9 identify in which phase of the cell cycle the event will take place.  Write I for interphase, P for prophase, M for metaphase, A for anaphase ,T for telophase or C for cytokinesis.   A phase may be used more than once.
	______	2.  A nuclear envelope forms around chromosomes.
	______	3.  The cell grows and replicates DNA.
	______	4.  A spindle forms.
	______	5.  Chromosomes line up across the center of the cell.
__________	6.  The genetic material condenses and Chromosomes become visible.
	______	7.  Chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell.
	______	8.  The cytoplasm divides.
	______	9.  Sister chromatids separate.